دانشنامه فلسفه استنفورد (SEP: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)، پایگاهی است برخط که به مدد دانشگاه استنفورد در ربع قرن اخیر به انتشار مقالات فلسفه و مدخل های در باب موضوعات فلسفی اختصاص یافته است. نظریه تکامل زیستی داروین، یکی از ستون های خیمه زیست شناسی مدرن، از بدو انتشار در قالب منشأ گونه ها در 1859 میلادی نقطه آغاز بحث های فلسفی فراوان بوده است و از همین رو مداخلِ پرشماری در دانشنامه فلسفه استنفورد به این این نظریه و موضوعات مرتبط اختصاص دارند. مدخل زیر یکی از همین مدخل های تکاملی است که مبحث دشوار «وراثت پذیری (Heritability)» می پردازد. فهم وراثت پذیری پیش شرط درک چگونگی دگرگونی صفات از نسلی به نسل دیگر و چگونگی و میزان اثر انتخاب بر توزیع صفات از نسلی به نسل است و کژفهمی در این خصوص می تواند به عقایدهای ناراستی در باب تفاوت ژنتیکی میان جمعیت های گونه انسان بیانجامد. نویسندگان این مدخلStephen M. Downes و Lucas Matthews به خوبی شالوده نظری وراثت پذیری و اهمیت آن در نظریه تکامل زیستی را تبیین کرده و دشواری اندازه گیری آن در جمعیت های طبیعی را هویدا می کند.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general Heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow Heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct Heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weights were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body weights at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the weight of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth weight and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month weight is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.